Dr. Quyyumi During The Community Health Fair - 834 Words

I had the opportunity to work with Dr. Quyyumi during the Community Health Fair that is held twice every year. This charity clinic provides care for underserved and uninsured patients. My duties included patient triage, focused history and physical exam, blood drawing and performing pap smears. The experience allowed me to practice my clinical skills and provide care to patients in need. I participated in taking patients histories, doing physical examinations, reviewing lab results and prescribing the appropriate treatment, I helped in performing administrative duties and updating patients’ medical records. At the clinic’s pharmacy, I assisted the pharmacist in explaining the medication route of administration, dosing, and frequency. I also involved in introducing public health awareness and vaccination projects during our local medical tours. I had the opportunity to work with Dr. Moussa at Scottish rite hospital. I assisted in obtaining histories, performing physical exams, reviewing lab work and discussing differential diagnosis with assessment and plan. The experience allowed me to practice my clinical knowledge while learning about inpatient medicine. My responsibilities were taking patients’ histories, doing physical examinations, performing EKGs, reviewing the patient medications, discussing the management plan and updating the electronic medical records, also I participated in inpatient rounds in the afternoon at Piedmont Hospital and Emory Midtown Hospital.Show MoreRelatedEpidemiology Of Transition For Stage D Heart Failure1529 Words   |  7 Pages Project: â€Å"Pulmonary Function Testing and Prognosis in Heart Failure Patients Listed for Heart Transplantation†. The study examined the prediction power of spirometric variables on the prognosis among HF patients listed for heart transplantation. During this experience, I was actively involved in data collection, data entry and result analysis. I also had hands-on experience in the conduct and administration of the clinical research study protocol. The data were published in Cardiac Failure Journal

Explore the significance of the character Mercutio in the play Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

Although Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ does not focus on Mercutio, he is one of the most unique characters of the play. He manages to manipulate other characters of the play through his imaginative and powerful language. He usually takes the lead in conversations and his friends generally go by what he says. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the significance of the character Mercutio in the play Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mercutio is neither Capulet nor Montague but his strong bond with Romeo associates him with the Montagues. In the play, Mercutio tends to stand out compared to the other characters; this is mainly because of his energetic and outrageous personality. His comical character lightens the mood of the tragic love story and helps to increase the sympathy of the audience when he later dies. Mercutio is a catalyst, meaning that he has the ability to change what people think or do. An example of this is in Act 1 Scene 4, where Romeo is sad and doesn’t want to go to the Capulet’s ball but Mercutio lightens the mood with puns and word play; â€Å"You are a lover; borrow Cupid’s wings† An Elizabethan audience would have found this funny because cupid was and still is very well known as being the god of love. Mercutio is comedian, always making jokes at every chance he gets. He lives life on the edge and is always looking for something new and exiting to do. This could also make him an antagonist and troublemaker, especially when the Capulet’s are involved. His inevitable death and the death of several others are caused by Mercutio living life on the edge. Read this – Puns in the Importance Mercutio puts on a front which tells the audience that he does not respect women, such as the way he often uses animal features to describe women, â€Å"spiders†¦gallops†¦pig’s tail† perhaps suggesting that women are less superior to men. However, when you look closer into his language you can see that his feelings go deeper, for example, in Act 1 Scene 4, Mercutio speaks about women being like Queen Mab; â€Å"Her wagon-spokes made of long spiders’ legs, The cover of the wings of grasshoppers† During the queen Mab speech in particular, he uses sibilance, sibilance it the repetition of the ‘S’ sound which makes this speech sound soft and I think that it shows his true passion for women. In contrast, when he is talking to Romeo and giving him advice, he says to Romeo; â€Å"Be rough with love; Prick love for pricking, And you beat love down.† This could show that he may have had a past relationship that may not have turned out so well. He may also be telling this to Romeo because he doesn’t want the same thing to happen to him. In Act 1 Scene 4, Mercutio’s imagination runs wild as he is describing women as Queen Mab. This will begin to show the audience Mercutio’s true feelings for women. He uses passionate language such as; â€Å"Tickling a parson’s nose as a’ lies asleep, Then dreams, he of another benefice† On the other hand, Romeo has a different view to that of Mercutio’s towards women. Romeo, who is quite naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve towards love, shows the audience how much he loves everyone and everything. He is always talking about how fabulous love is and that it is the only thing that matters in the world. â€Å"O, speak again, bright angel! For thou art As glorious to this night, being o’er my head† This can show that Romeo may not have been in a real relationship, but only fantasising about it. Mercutio and Romeo have a strong friendship; they are both extremely loyal to each other and tend to help each other out; â€Å"Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance.† They both have a strong influence on each other, which from Mercutio’s side tends to be positive but can sometimes turn out negative but this does not happen all the time. In the death scene of Mercutio he blames Romeo for his death even though Romeo was only tried to stop it. In Act 2, Scene 1, after the ball Mercutio and Benvolio are looking for Romeo; they still believe that he is in love with Rosaline. Mercutio then begins to shout out for Romeo, by way of chanting a spell; â€Å"Nay, I’ll conjure too. Romeo! Humours! Madman! Passion! Lover! Appear thou in the likeness of a sigh† The shortness of his sentences and the use of exclamation marks emphasises his humour in his speech, suggesting a light hearted tone, this would have created a more amusing scene for an Elizabethan audience. During this scene the actor playing Mercutio would probably be dancing around with imaginary props, pretending to brew up a potion. He then continues to talk about Rosaline; he speaks about her in a manor that is rude and obnoxious, he mocks Romeo as he believes he is superficial and that he is only in love with Rosaline’s beauty; â€Å"By her high forehead and her scarlet lip, By her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thigh† Here Mercutio is saying that Rosaline is a prostitute and Benvolio believes that this would anger Romeo. Mercutio replies; â€Å"This cannot anger him ‘twould anger him To raise a spirit in his mistress’ circle† In this sentence Mercutio begins to use sexual references; he says it would only anger Romeo if someone else was to sleep with Rosaline. During this scene Mercutio is loud and energetic. A modern audience would think this funny and witty but an Elizabethan audience may have been more shocked at what he was saying. During Act 2 Scene 4, Mercutio and the Nurse meet. In much the same way as with Rosaline, Mercutio is again vulgar about the nurse; â€Å"Good Peter, to hide her face; for her fan’s the fairer face.† The repetition of the letter ‘F’ emphasizes a harsh tone and suggests to the audience a feeling of disgust towards the nurse. Mercutio is saying that the nurse is unattractive, but she does not let this pass as she is aggressive and says; â€Å"Out upon you! What a man are you!† This shows the Nurses mutual disliking for Mercutio as well. In Act 2, Scene 4, Mercutio compliments Tybalt’s skills as a fighter; he calls him â€Å"Prince of Cats†. This is because Mercutio thinks that Tybalt is quick on his feet and a fast swordsman, Tybalt wins all of his duels, Mercutio says that he has â€Å"nine lives† for this reason. â€Å"Don’t think he’s just the Prince of Cats! Oh no – he’s way more than that.† Although Mercutio is saying how much of a good swordsman Tybalt is, he still ends up fighting him and ironically Mercutio loses, he does this because he is a show off and he thinks he is best. When Mercutio challenges Tybalt to a duel, Tybalt asks â€Å"What wouldst thou have with me?† Mercutio replies; â€Å"Good king of cats, nothing but one of your nine lives† This shows that Mercutio is still using references to Tybalt being â€Å"the Prince of Cats†. Also even when he has been stabbed by Tybalt, Mercutio says that the wound is only; â€Å"A scratch, a scratch† In Act 3, Scene 1, where Mercutio is nearing his death, he suddenly becomes a lot more serious, but because of his ego he still manages to make witty remarks and keeping the comedy going; â€Å"Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man.† I believe that because of Mercutio’s personality, and always making things worse, he brought upon his own death even though in his mind he would have thought it was a good thing to do. Shakespeare probably killed Mercutio off here because it builds up a climax and creates a dramatic effect. In my opinion Mercutio has brought his death on himself by his antagonistic personality, and always provoking others. He finally meets his match, Tybalt. Although, I don’t think the play would be what it is without Mercutio, as a comic character is needed, for example; to help lighten moods of scenes when needed. Without Mercutio in the play, Romeo and other characters would have died a lot sooner, suggesting to the audience that Mercutio is a hero in some way. On the other hand, everyone may have survived as it was generally Mercutio that pushed things on, often making things worse. How to cite Explore the significance of the character Mercutio in the play Romeo and Juliet, Papers

Labor Market for Technology and Innovations- myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1. Do you think labor markets benefit from technology and innovations?2.What are your thoughts on this when considering disruptive technology and innovation? Answers: 1.While technology creates unemployment, its benefits in the labor market outshine the demerits. Technology and innovations benefit the job structure of the economy through the continued modification of the labor market (Chesbrough, 2010). For example, the use of technology helps design flexible forms of work that empower workforce such as online contracting. Technology expands employment opportunities through innovation of more globalized skills, digitization of work standards, and enhancement of greater connectivity. Technological innovations assist companies in recruitment through internet advertisements. The use of company website in job advertisements saves companies from advertisement costs since all post are updated there. Technology has changed some professions in a way that benefit both the personnel and the employer (Tellis, 2016). For instance, the use of robots in automobile industry enhances efficiency and quality. Further, technology and innovation enhance competition in the workplace hence contributing to skills growth in the labor market. 2.Disruptive technology and innovation play a significant role in raising the quality of life of global economies, employees, and business models. For examples, technology helps design efficient value supply chains at Amazon, and this is the main cause of the company's global success (Chesbrough, 2010). Disruptive technology and innovation assists companies employees design new products that are demanded in the market. As the industries develop, organizations use technology to design attractive and unique products, and this helps gain competitive advantage. Further, disruptive technology helps companies expand their market size through innovation of new products as required in the identified market opportunities (Tellis, 2016). For example, the innovation of 5P printer and landlines in the market. Finally, disruptive technology and innovation go hand in hand and largely contributes to growth in the labor market. References Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers.Long range planning,43(2), 354-363. Tellis, G. J. (2016). A disruptive technology or visionary leadership?Journal of Product Innovation Management,23(1), 34-38.

Sound Versus Space Essays - Acoustics, Sound, Hearing, Qualia, Waves

Sound Versus Space Very simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. The substance can be air, water, wood, or any other material, and in fact the only place in which sound cannot travel is a vacuum. When these substances vibrate, or rapidly move back and forth, they produce sound. As described in the How We Perceive Sound: The Ear section, our ears gather these vibrations and allow us to interpret them. To be a little more accurate in our definition of sound, however, we must realize that the vibrations that produce sound are not the result of an entire volume moving back and forth at once. If that were the case, the entire atmosphere would need to shift for any sound to be made at all! Instead, the vibrations occur among the individual molecules of the substance, and the vibrations move through the substance in sound waves. As sound waves travel through the material, each molecule hits another and returns to its original position. The result is that regions of the medium become alternately more dense, when they are called condensations, and less dense, when they are called rarefactions. Bibliography Very simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. The substance can be air, water, wood, or any other material, and in fact the only place in which sound cannot travel is a vacuum. When these substances vibrate, or rapidly move back and forth, they produce sound. As described in the How We Perceive Sound: The Ear section, our ears gather these vibrations and allow us to interpret them. To be a little more accurate in our definition of sound, however, we must realize that the vibrations that produce sound are not the result of an entire volume moving back and forth at once. If that were the case, the entire atmosphere would need to shift for any sound to be made at all! Instead, the vibrations occur among the individual molecules of the substance, and the vibrations move through the substance in sound waves. As sound waves travel through the material, each molecule hits another and returns to its original position. The result is that regions of the medium become alternately more dense, when they are called condensations, and less dense, when they are called rarefactions. Very simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. The substance can be air, water, wood, or any other material, and in fact the only place in which sound cannot travel is a vacuum. When these substances vibrate, or rapidly move back and forth, they produce sound. As described in the How We Perceive Sound: The Ear section, our ears gather these vibrations and allow us to interpret them. To be a little more accurate in our definition of sound, however, we must realize that the vibrations that produce sound are not the result of an entire volume moving back and forth at once. If that were the case, the entire atmosphere would need to shift for any sound to be made at all! Instead, the vibrations occur among the individual molecules of the substance, and the vibrations move through the substance in sound waves. As sound waves travel through the material, each molecule hits another and returns to its original position. The result is that regions of the medium become alternately more dense, when they are called condensations, and less dense, when they are called rarefactions. hhhhhhhhi iedidi di diid diiid34 Physics

Locomotor Repsonse of Flesh Fly essays

Locomotor Repsonse of Flesh Fly essays Locomotor Behavior of Sarcophaga bullata in response to various light stimuli The species Sarcophaga bullata (flesh fly) is from the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Arthropoda and Class Insecta. Flesh flies live all over the world, generally in warm, moist climates. The flesh fly goes through the process of complete metamorphosis that consists of four stages: egg, larva (=maggot), pupa, to adult in about eight days. Through these different stages of metamorphosis the flesh fly is a parasite and a self-sustaining organism until it reaches full maturity. The job for the fly is then to disperse the species and reproduce. Flesh flies can be both pests and important aspects to human lives. They help in biological research and in criminal investigations but they also carry diseases that can harm humans. The locomotor response is greatly dependent on inherited behavior also known as innate behavior. This means that the stimulus appears to trigger a fixed response that does not vary according to the previous experience of the organism, commonly found in invertebrates. Two terms, taxis and kinesis can describe innate locomotor responses. Taxis is an automatic movement directly toward or away from a stimulus. Kinesis is random movement, caused by a stimulus but not necessarily oriented by it. The ability for a flesh fly to reproduce is greatly dependent on light and temperature. Flesh flies are dependent on light and temperature. They completely develop before the food supply is exhausted; the rate at which the flesh flies develop is one of the most important factors in determining both the survival and reproductive success of the flesh fly larvae. Warm, long days and lots of sunlight increases the rate at which larvae develop into pupae and most successively into adult flies. The female flesh fly deposits the living larvae into decaying flesh of dead animals or feces. This is the stage where they are specialized for feeding and ...

Body Image Of The World

Media affects body image Body image is an idiosyncratic picture of one 's own physical appearance established both by self-observation and by observing the reactions of others. Whether it may be a magazine cover, commercial or the internet, the media 's false portrayal of perfection greatly impacts children and young adults. The media glorifies models and celebrities as figures of a higher standard, as icons of beauty and youth. Media features female models with tall, slender body types and male†¦ Body Image When I hear the word body image I began to shrink inside. I have never really been comfortable in my own skin. As a child I was my own worst critic; I hated the color of my skin, my weight, to my hair. As a child my relatives would always say I was dark. So, I hated my skin color. I always wanted to be lighter because it seemed that light-skinned girls my age that were light skinned were able to get whatever they wanted. From the time I was a little girl I told myself I would get†¦ conditioned to believe that our bodies are flawed. Projected by the media consumed, fashion modeled during Fashion Week, or critics online, the message is clear: we commit the crime of imperfection simply by existing. Society shames us for this, for not fitting into the unrealistic mold cast upon us. One of the primary sources of this is body shaming, which is simply defined as â€Å"shaming someone for their particular body type†. Living in the 21st Century, anyone can be subjected to body shaming. However, the†¦ a clear definition of abs. Long hair with curls that look like a picture perfect image on a magazine. That’s what an â€Å"ideal† body type is. Flawlessly beautiful. As a 5’0 muscular girl, body image has always something that been a traumatic issue for myself. Always feeling ashamed for the body that I have. Body image has been a road block of trying to fix myself, or to free the bottled up insecurities to accept the body, I have. Sometimes it can be the simplest of questions that can be the hardest to†¦ The impact of brands on body image Discuss the ways in which the idea of ‘Body Image’ is created through advertising and brand promotion. How is this reinforced by celebrity promotion? What potential damage can be done by certain Body Image prototypes? Are there examples of positive body image in advertising and branding? The area of research will be focussing on is an issue which has plagued the fashion conscious world for decades. The issue of body image, especially on women, and the impact advertising†¦ Sheppard Ads today draw us into the television with enticing, edgy images depicting women and men in sexualizing roles. However, women are repeatedly used as sexual appeals to promote the good of a product, but is the aim really to promote the product or the idea of gender roles in society? Society promotes that women should be the one to stay home and take care of their husbands to please them, so they create a visual image for men as to how they should treat their woman and how their woman should†¦ Body Image The perfect body is something that every person wants but very few posses. Many people will do just about anything to either fit in with their community or cover up their insecurities. Women are clearly more obsess with obtaining the perfect body more than men. From an adolescent’s viewpoint, a particular body image can be particularly dangerous because it can lead to a physiological obsession, eating disorders, and physical health consequences (Berger, 2014). Adolescents can become†¦ Fake Perfection Like snowflakes there is no one person who looks the same in the world. Even identical twins have a small difference that you would be able to tell them apart. What makes every person individually unique is our physical traitsÍ ¾ however, things like the internet, the social media, and television says otherwise. According to the media, every man must be handsome and muscular, and every woman must be fit and beautiful. An easy access to such technologies make it easier for people†¦ Perfect Body With an alarming 50 percent of 3-to-6 year old girls worrying about their weight, it makes you wonder, what are we doing wrong? (Hanes). If I were to ask you, what do you consider the perfect body, how would you respond? Most girls would reply: thin body, skinny waist, and big breasts. In today’s society, the media controls all aspects of our lives. From popular Smartphone applications such as Instagram, Twitter, and Tumblr to advertisements and movies, the media has managed to distort†¦ Mistura Olawore Shailen Mishra Final Draft 13 April 2015 Body Image and the Demand for Beauty in our Society In almost every advertisement today regarding a female, her image is tweaked, airbrushed, and cropped. Minimizing her waist, enlarging her features, raising her eyebrows, pronouncing her cheekbones, and airbrushing her skin are one of the many examples of how a woman’s image can be altered. The images of these perfect looking women are being placed in many advertisements. Young girls see†¦

Superstructure Work Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Superstructure Work Package - Essay Example The building comprises of ten storeys, with all those above the ground providing office accommodation. There is also a ground floor, as well as, a high basement with a height of 7.5m. The latter provides space for a parking lot, loading bay and plants. Vehicles gain access to the basement through two vehicle elevators. The building has a centrally placed atrium, which extends from the ground floor to the tenth level, where it is covered with a glazed roof. The Point’s perimeter or circumference light well allows natural light to get to all floors including the ground floor, in addition to providing ventilation to the plant areas in the basement level. Work Package and Innovation under Scrutiny Even though the building’s perimeter light well and facades proposed by the architect bring light to all above ground levels, they do not constitute a comprehensive cooling and ventilation system. Additionally, the lighting mechanism does not cater for the basement level, thus dep riving plant areas sufficient light for growth. For these reasons, therefore, more considerations have to be accounted for, in order to enhance sustainability, technical performance and aesthetics, as per the client’s requirements. ... The Point on the local environment as well as on the potential occupants; which will make it possible to analyze the new developments in the design, operation and construction of this tall building. The available opportunities will be the need of assuring the client continuous dynamism provided that The Point requires superlative conditions for its operations. In order to achieve this, the building’s management is supposed to make sure that the demand for office space will be met. Further, tall office buildings like the Point have become increasingly essential as a result of the proficient utilization that they make on the limited land that is available. This is not only in Paddington, but it should be implemented in London as a whole. There is urgency for more office accommodation but there are problems that are experienced in such a situation. The problem being experience is in the sustainable development which is the principal parameter of action, and noting that, The Point has not exhausted all possible sustainability strategies. The construction, design as well as the operation of The Point, representing tall building has failed in conforming to new the legislation demanding installation of understandable sustainability procedures. Performance Standards The principal design worry for numerous tall buildings is fixed on their operational effectiveness instead of the environmental impact. A new balance needs to be struck between these two factors. Inefficient energy is also another concern. Speculative developers do not have any interest in other people’s building because they only want to maximize on their revenue that enhance environmental issues which will ultimately save energy and the tenants will incur much more on energy payment. The lifecycle assessment

Ethical issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical issue - Essay Example The two sides of the ethical issue facing this accountant are either to report him to the company’s authorities or not report him (Mizzoni 35). The accountant can report the supervisor to the company’s higher authorities, assuming that he has a duty to be honest and accountable to the company. This would mean that the accountant is using deontological ethics in which people act to fulfill a duty, regardless of whether the action pleases or does not please people. Using deontological ethics would influence the accountant’s perception to the effects that the supervisor was not justified in taking the $ 500 but that the money should have been used in developing the company. The ethics of moral duty would make him think that covering up the case would make him an accomplice and that he would be haunted for not reporting the case (Mizzoni 36). However, the decision to report his supervisor to higher authorities in the company would have both positive and negative implications. The company’s higher authorities might investigate the case, find that it is true, and discipline the supervisor. This would justify the accountant’s action, with or without the praise of the higher authorities. Another likely event is that the higher authorities might doubt the accountant, thinking that he is trying to implicate the supervisor and trying to settle a score with him, or that he is trying to report him after their deal to steal the company money went sour. This can cause his dismissal and if he is retained, there will be conflict between him and the supervisor (Mizzoni 36). The accountant could decide not to report the supervisor believing that it would have undesirable outcomes for the supervisor and for him. If he made the decision not to report his supervisor because of its outcomes, he would be led by utilitarian ethics. According to utilitarian ethics, outcomes of an act define its morality. Applying this ethics, the accountant could believe that both

Sylvia Plath and Spirited Away Essay Example for Free

Sylvia Plath and Spirited Away Essay The inner journey is a metaphysical process in which an individual travels into their own psyche often resulting in form of self realization. Although the journey is not physical, an inner journey is a powerful tool in which one can enhance their knowledge of the world and their own human nature, commonly encountering imaginative obstacles which assist in the individual’s self-realization. The texts that I will use to illustrate the inner journeys are â€Å"You’re† and â€Å"A Birthday Present† by Sylvia Plath and The animated film â€Å"Spirited Away† directed by Hayao Miyazaki. Sylvia Plath utilizes the inner journey as a way to explore aspects of her life through the medium of poetry. Her poem â€Å"You’re† explores the emotional journey of an expecting mother, using poetic techniques to highlight the joys and mysteries of the baby in the womb, In contrast to Sylvia Plath’s poem â€Å"A Birthday Present† which explores the persona’s fear of death, despite desperation to end ones life, effectively using techniques to highlight the fear and want for death. Comparatively Hayao Miyazaki utilizes his film â€Å"Spirited Away† to demonstrate the protagonist’s, Chihro journey to develops and overcome circumstances to become a self-sufficient and self-reflective girl, by emphasizing the development with camera techniques and layout of particular scenes. These texts demonstrate the importance of inner journeys, demonstrating how journeys result in knowledge of their own nature and the world around them. Plath’s poem â€Å"You’re† conveys, a deep sense of joy and excitement, as a mother goes through the emotional journey, going through the delight of bearing a child, while still going through the mysterious and vagueness of the child referencing it to the furthest place imagined, for the persona â€Å"farther off than Australia†. Plath uses a range of techniques to express the joy of bearing a child and the warm comfort of it being â€Å"wrapped up in yourself like a spool†, the simile reinforces the idea of always being safe and loved, as well as the metaphor â€Å"Snug as a bud† creating the sense of the small baby being safe. It can also be lively and playful â€Å"Jumpy as a Mexican bean† all the techniques restate that the journey so far is positive and delightful and how she continues to try to understand her coming child with similes â€Å"like a sprat in a pickle jug†. However the mother experiences the mysteries and vagueness of the unborn child, noting her difficulty in describing it, she relies on terms from the world she knows for example â€Å"gilled like a fish† comparing it to a fish as it is all wrinkled and complex, as well as describing it as a â€Å"travelled prawn† and â€Å"moon skulled†, we understand the difficulty of understanding how it looks. The mother continues to try describing and understand the child she is about to have using the metaphor â€Å"vague as fog† to show how mysterious and undefined the child is, yet it is still eagerly anticipated and â€Å"looked for like mail† showing no matter what, the mother is overcome by joy on having the child. The Mother ventures through all these emotions, grasping to understand the unborn child, using similes and metaphors to figure out how the child may be and reflecting upon the joy of it all. Recognizing the uniqueness of the child arriving with its â€Å"own face†. Comparatively Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"A Birthday Present† deals with the persona inner battle of to decide to live on. â€Å"A birthday Present† is an extended metaphor, symbolizing death, allowing the audience to understand the shocking irony of the poem and the persona’s real want of what is â€Å"behind this veil†. However the fear of death is the only obstacle stopping the persona from killing themselves. The inner journey which is present in this poem is of the personas hesitation to kill herself she â€Å"would not mind if it were bones, or a pearl button† demonstrating her want for something tangible, Questioning her inner self if she actually wants it â€Å"can you not give it to me? † the change of voice to reassure herself. Tempting and luring her inner self to choose death with the continuous repetition of â€Å"let down the veil, the veil, the veil†. Ultimately the persona is fearful of death stating â€Å"You are terrified† confirming to herself that she is unsure reinforced by the simile â€Å"shimmering like curtains† reflecting the unstable curtains as her uncertainty. However her pessimistic outlook upon life and repetitious suppression of adhering to rules, to rules, to rules† gives her the strength to take her life. Her cynical tone â€Å"My god what a laugh† gives her courage to the view the world pessimistically and take her life, as well as continuously referring her life with little importance â€Å"I will only take it and go aside quietly†, â€Å"A marvel to your grandchildren †¦ it is not so† stating that no one will care after she is gone. The persona is now definite about taking her life and that â€Å"only you can give it to me†, representing now that behind the veil is death and how she asks for a quick death â€Å"you will not hear me opening it†. And that there is nothing left to fear as â€Å"the universe slide[s] from my side†, showing that through the inner journey the persona was able to understand the pessimistic world around her and how utilizing repetition, rhetorical questions and cynical tone to find the courage to no longer fear death. Comparatively â€Å"Spirited Away† is both a mental and physical journey to save her parents, which results in the growth and self-realization of Chihiro’s true self, facing challenges that allow Chihiro to learn lessons such as patience and understanding to survive and return home, with important scenes and symbolic items throughout the film to represent Chihiro’s growth. Chihiro was bought up in materialistic and idle world â€Å"don’t worry, you’ve got Daddy here. He’s got credit cards and cash† as well shown when Chihiro lying on the backseat, which is in shocking transition to when Chihiro has to work for herself in the bath house. At first she works ineffectively with other workers commenting â€Å"get out of the way†, representing her incompatibility and unwelcomed arrival, however she slowly progresses and gradually through the determination to save her parents becomes better, with the scene of washing of the stink spirit determining her capabilities to grow and become accepted, with rejoicing music and cheers from fellow workers, showing a close up a shot of Chihiro showing a sense a achievement and happiness, demonstrating Chihiro’s growth of maturity through working at the bath house. In comparison we learn Chihiro is a stoic young girl fearful of changes, shown in the first scene when her flowers start to die representing her old life wilting away. Yubaba takes away Chihiro’s name, she appears completely frightened, whimpering and shaking in a close up shot when Yubaba, and only takes the job to survive. Chihro clings desperately to her old self shown crying and curling up in a ball, with classical music playing in the background emphasizing the scene. Yet during her time as Sen her true self develops, showing unconditional compassion and kindness to several of the bathhouse inhabitants, especially Haku. One particular scene when Sen climbs the bathhouse to reach Haku, demonstrates her growth to protect Haku, even when endangering her life. Using the low angle camera shot to add to the enormity of seeing Chihiro on the roof tying her clothes, to risk her life to save Haku, portraying Chihiro’s growth to not only face her fears, but do so for others. She develops to also be able to stand up to Yubaba, in the final test, a high angle long shot, shows Chihiro striding confidently across the bridge as well as a close up of Chihiro’s determined face while facing Yubaba, depicting Chihiro no longer a scared frightened girl that she used to be. In â€Å"Spirited Away† Chihiro goes on a inner journey, which develops her from the immature, fearful child to the self-sufficient and self-reflective young girl, portrayed by the camera angles and shots and symbolism.

Short Wedding Toasts to the Bride and Groom :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Short Wedding Toasts to the Bride and Groom Nature of Love All beings by nature are lovers, as ice by nature is water. The love shared by one couple is powerful enough to unite heaven and earth. May God grant you two many years to live, for earth has few angels. Peace and Plenty May peace and plenty be the first To lift the latch to your door, May happiness be guided to your home. Walk in Love Walk in love, sit in love, live in love. To be in love is to truly live. Your Eye The eye with which you see your wife is the same eye with which your wife sees You. Love Each Fragment If you seek love in each separate fragment of your relationship, you will be overwhelmed by the totality. Who Are You ? Find out who you are as a couple. Then all else will be known. The Desire of God In the desire of God to know his own beauty, you exist. Worldly Power Worldly possessions and power means little. The unsayable, jeweled private life you develop as a couple, means much. Perfect Love When a relationship is perfectly balanced, perfect love can be realized. Psalm 1 (8th century BC) Blessed are they who delight in the way things are, and keep their hearts open day and night. Love Gives Life Love gives life to all the world. Love gives strength and wisdom. May you two walk in beauty, and may your eyes behold many a red and purple sunset. May your ears hear the true voice of your partner. My you be wise so that you may understand what is truly important in life. My you remain calm and strong in the face of all that comes towards you. My you learn the lessons hidden in every leaf and rock. My you seek pure thoughts and act with the intention of helping others. My you find compassion without allowing empathy to overwhelm you. My you seek strength, not to be greater than others, but to fight for the week. My you two always greet each other with clean hands and straight eyes. So when life fades, as the fading sunset, your spirits may continue without shame. May You Be Poor! May you be poor in misfortune, Rich in blessings, Slow to make enemies, And quick to make friends. But rich or poor, quick or slow, May you two know nothing but happiness From this day forward. Let’s all toast this beautiful couple! A Long Life Together A toast to your coffin. May it be made of 100 year old oak.

Neighborhoods and Deliquence Essay

How does one know for sure whether or not their family is being brought up in the right type of environment? An abundance of people raise their children in neighborhoods where the youth may be pressured and lured into situations that can generally lead to only problems and complications. There is not necessarily one right answer to prevent this from happening. It is not as simple as keeping adolescents from getting into bad situations by locking them up a closet their entire lives; however, there can be other ways to approach and deal with these ypes of issues involving Juvenile delinquency. Nowadays, the area in which a person lives and raises their families, may have a significant amount to do with the circumstances in which their kids get involved with gang affiliation, drugs and committing violent acts. To begin, there are numerous places where which gangs or gang affiliation is present, yet there are certain areas in which gangs are more apparent. For example, according to an article from SF gate, â€Å"A 1 5-year-old boy has been charged with murder in the slaying of another teenager near a troubled Oakland apartment omplex, authorities said Tuesday†¦ The slaying happened in a neighborhood where two buildings had recently been condemned because of code violations and fears of imminent gang activity, and police suspect that Erik and his killer were members of rival gangs. â€Å"(SF Gate). Henry Lee who wrote this article gives a perfect example of how many young teens are getting into gangs. This shooting happened in Oakland were a lot of violence goes on, because low income families live in the bad neighborhoods their children grow up with many bad influences around them. Another example is, in reference to this article from SF Gate, â€Å"The action came a week atter police noticed that nearby buildings were covered with gang graffiti a gang members had punched holes through the walls of the complex as an escape route, apparently girding for a possible attack, authorities said. Rival gang members then sprayed over the graffiti, police said. â€Å"(SF Gate). This article is mainly about how a young child gunned down rival gang members, but analyzing this more thoroughly it states how children are getting into gangs at a young age because of the neighborhoods they are growing in. Young children are getting into gangs and committing violent acts because of the neighborhood they are growing up in. Furthermore, drugs are another influence that children of a young age are getting into because of the neighborhoods they are growing up in. For example, from an article of World Youth Report, â€Å"The use of alcohol and illegal drugs by Juveniles is one cause of delinquency, as they are often compelled to commit crimes (usually theft) to obtain the cash needed to support their substance use. Drugs play a huge role in when it comes to Juvenile delinquency because young children get into them. The reason for that is because of the neighborhood the child grows up to. A good comparison is a child growing up in Oakland compared to a child growing up in Marin. In Marin one doesn’t see children drug dealing at the corner compared to Oakland were things like that do happen and children are involved. Another example from the article of World Youth Report, â€Å"Many young people retreat into the confines of their own groups and resort to drug use for psychological or emotional escape. Drugs can also be used as a getaway drug because of problems they might be having ut it wouldn’t be a problem if the children were being raised in the right type of environment. Drugs have a big influence on children when growing up in a bad neighborhood. Finally, there is the issue of violence amongst youth. Violence is also a huge issue around the world, but is more generally seen in conflicted neighborhoods. An example from an article of World Youth Report, â€Å"Quite often, advantage is being taken of illegal opportunities as young people commit various offences, become addicted to drugs, and use violence against their peers. † Violent acts that children do at a young ge because of the neighborhoods they grow up in. Many kids do more violent acts because they are in gangs and required to or because of anger. Children doing violent acts do them because of the life style they grow up in. Back to the article form SF gate where the fifth teen year old teen shot and killed a rival gang member. Being that young and already murdering someone is a problem in our society because kids that age should be in a gang or exposed to all that violence. Many gang members recruit small children so they can get them to commit violent acts and they won’t be trailed as adults. Another example from the article of World Youth Report, â€Å"Some groups and subcultures tend to use violence as a means of solving interpersonal conflicts, and the atmosphere thus created is an important mediating factor contributing to delinquent or criminal behavior. Violence can also be interpret as solving problems with their fists, these ways of solutions are used by many kids and they get it from the neighborhood they are growing up in. Violence is a major influence on children because of the neighborhood they are growing up in. To reiterate, there are many reasons tor why children can be driven to Juvenile elinquencies but the main reason is neighborhoods because of gangs, drugs and violence. Children when growing up in bad neighborhoods are exposed to many things because gangs, drugs and violence are in bad neighborhoods. Many children move into more and more bad neighborhoods and are being exposed to gangs, drugs and violence. There are some solutions that we can approach to stop kids from getting involved in these bad influences. One solution is providing programs like the Big Brother Big Sister program to have a role model to guide them down the right path. Another solution is reducing the gangs in neighborhoods and getting them off he streets. If we were able to develop a program were low income families can be located to good neighborhoods and have an agreement to live their instead of a bad neighborhood that would fix the problem. Though there are many solutions making them come true is a different story but there are many programs out there that provide kids with the help and attention they need.

T.C. Boyle Writes of Infidelity

Katherine Meyer English 1100 Sec. 131 November 4th, 2008 Indefinitely Infantile Infidelity As an apparent defiance of one of the Ten Commandments, Adultery, the act of voluntary sexual involvement between a married individual and someone whom is not his or her spouse is a widely frowned upon taboo that disregards social norms. Staying true to his style and content by pushing the envelope on controversial topics such as this in his writing, T. C. Boyle frequently addresses the theme of adultery throughout many of his short stories.Reoccurring in the selections â€Å"Caviar† and â€Å"All Shook Up† adultery takes on a disturbing component of the stories as the main characters similarly get caught up in the unacceptable. With differing motives, paralleling sexual interests and desires, as well as converse outcomes for the two men defying the sacred vows they once made under holy matrimony, Boyle weaves two complex stories of deceit and malice. Adultery outside the world of fiction is committed for an infinite number of reasons; attempted justifications that can roll on for miles.In these particular stories, aside from their irrepressible habitual instincts, the main characters Mr. Trimpie and Patrick in â€Å"Caviar† and â€Å"All Shook up† have differing objectives when they decide to officially sever the vows they once made to their wives. The differing motives for each man’s imprudent acts against the principles of marriage cover a broad spectrum of rationale. Leading to his downfall, In â€Å"Caviar† the central character Mr. Trimpie finds himself unable to reproduce with his sterile wife, Marie.Although he is not to blame for the fruitless attempts at an offspring as Boyle describes, â€Å"The bad news was that Marie’s ovaries were shot† (109) it is apparent that his own insecurities in addition to other factors brand him vulnerable and susceptible to bad judgment, such as infidelity. This vulnerability presents itself when he frequently references his lack of education and wealth throughout the story as seen here, â€Å"I was on the wrong end of the socioeconomic ladder, if you know what I mean† (106).As a surrogate mother is introduced into the picture and becomes pregnant with his natural child, Mr. Trimpie suddenly finds himself hot for the young carrier. The flustered young man expressed, â€Å"The thought of it, of my son floating around in his own little sea just behind the sweet bulge of her belly†¦ well, it inflamed me, got me mad with lust and passion and spiritual love too† (114). This reveals that the motivation behind Mr. Trimpie’s act of adultery was not purely the result of meaningless attraction or fragile insecurity though.The feeble father consequently ends up falling in love with the biological mother of his child and is unable to restrain himself. Intercourse with Wendy, the young stand-in mother becomes a frequent occurrence for the co vetous husband stigmatizing him a cheater once and for all. Mr. Trimpie’s counter character, Patrick, found in Boyle’s short story entitled â€Å"All Shook Up† has his own prerogative concerning his execution of adultery in his story. Patrick’s wife, Judy, disappeared with another man prior to a newlywed couple, Cindy and Joey conveniently moving next door.Initially compelled to Cindy because of her sultry, suggestive manner, Patrick recalls a late night after what started out as a neighborly dinner, â€Å"She was kneeling beside me on the couch; then she kicked her leg out as if mounting a horse and brought her knee softly between my legs until I could feel the pressure lighting up my groin† (126). Still exhibiting his wedding band on the left ring finger, Patrick engages in the act of infidelity with Cindy shortly after this night.Describing the event, Patrick stated, â€Å"She felt good, and a little strange: she wasn’t Judy† (130) . Based on his assessment of the night, Boyle alludes to the reader that Patrick is still yearning for his wife. Patrick bluntly conveys, â€Å"I felt evil and betrayed and wanted his wife because I had wounds to salve and because she was there† (127). The meaningless sex with Cindy was an attempt to fill a void and heal the pain from Judy’s abandonment.In addition to his emotionless mind-set concerning Cindy and their intercourse, his lack of concern towards the young woman becomes more evident as he confirms, â€Å"I should have held her, I guess, should have probed deep in my counselor’s lexicon for words of comfort and assurance, but I didn’t† (130). Patrick views Cindy as well as their dance, as nothing more than a physical encounter, ruling out any deeper vehicle of motivation for his actions. Although the two men have contrasting motivations driving their less than admissible behaviors, they do however share common ground concerning their se xual interests and desires.Mr. Trimpie and Patrick alike are attracted to barely pubescent young girls who entice them with their youthful sex appeal. From the story â€Å"Caviar,† the pedophilic character Mr. Trimpie responds to the news of Wendy’s growing belly as follows: â€Å"I grinned like an idiot, thrilled at the way the panties grabbed her thighs- white nylon dancing pink flowers- and how her little pointed breasts were beginning to strain at the brassiere. I wanted to put my tongue in her naval† (113).Asserting such a disturbing observation, it is obvious that this man finds Wendy’s juvenile body parts, as well as childish undergarments as much of a turn on as the fact that she is carrying his child. Staying true to the paralleling interest in adolescent females, in the short story â€Å"All Shook Up,† Cindy, the woman Patrick kanoodles with is also a young lady who exerts her youthful charm on the much older man. Describing Cindy, Pat st ates, â€Å"She was wearing a halter top and gym shorts, her hair was pinned up, and her perfect little toes looked freshly painted† (121).His innocent depiction of a young girl standing at his front door exudes sexual frustration. Evident in this passage, Boyle writes: â€Å"I wanted her like a forbidden fruit, wanted her like I’d wanted half of the knocked-up, washed-out, defiant little twits who paraded through my office each year† (127). Just as disturbing as Mr. Trimpie’s erotic observations of Wendy, this passage is Patrick’s confession that he too secretly craves the taste of a freshly ripened young woman. Further emphasizing the two men’s interest in similar types of women, Boyle disguises coincidental details with reference to the women in his text.Boyle illustrates Wendy in the short story â€Å"Caviar† by stating, â€Å"Her eyes were gray, and there was a violet clock in the right one† (121). Resembling Wendy’ s gray eyes, Cindy in â€Å"All Shook Up† is described in the same manner: â€Å"Her eyes were gray, the color of drift ice on the river† (111). Both men who commit the infidelity identify with one another in regards to their type of secondary woman. Both acts of adultery have serious impacts on the lives of Mr. Trimpie and Patrick. Although cheating on a spouse typically results in formidable outcomes, the aftermath for each of the two men in â€Å"Caviar† and â€Å"All Shook Up† are surprisingly converse.

Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and African Americans essays

Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and African Americans essays During the time between 1877 and 1915, black Americans experienced many social, economic and political difficulties. Many African Americans supported the program of Booker T. Washington, the most prominent black leader of the late 19th and early 20th century, who advised them to focus on modest economic goals and to accept temporary social discrimination. Another group of African Americans, led by the African-American intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois wanted to challenge segregation through political action. Washington and Du Bois both had good strategies for dealing with problems of poverty and discrimination, Washington believed that blacks could advance themselves faster through hard work rather than by demands for equal rights, Du Bois declared that African Americans must speak out constantly against discrimination. Booker T. Washington was a leader for civil rights; his tactics were taken in more of a modest way. He focused on economic goals and advised to accept social discrimination temporarily. During the late 19th century the principle of segregation by race extended into every area of Southern life, from railroads to restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and schools. Even down to the simplest thing such as water fountains were segregated (Doc J). Any area of life that was not segregated by law was segregated by custom and practice. In 1883 the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prevent individuals from practicing discrimination. And in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 the Court found that "separate but equal" public accommodations for African Americans, such as trains and restaurants, did not violate their rights. Cases such as these brought up new voices like Booker T. Washington, advocating civil equality, and the strategies by which they are achieved. Booker T. Washington was an educator and the most prominent black leader of his day. He grew up as a slave in Virginia, born to a white slave-holding father and a ...

Literature of the african diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature of the african diaspora - Essay Example The story is narrated in the form of dialogues between the husband Ocol and his wife Lawino. The poem is categorized in different sections. Each section offers details of the social problem faced by the husband and wife, in the marriage hood along with their values and differences. Whereas the novel God’s Bits Of Woods by the author offers a strong description of the railway strike. That happened in the year of 1947-1948 in the region of French West Africa. It includes disputes of emotional, political and moral nature. Eventually, this novel by Sembene is one of entitlement. It fetches to illumination the anxiety between Africa community and colonial officials. It also shows the struggle of railway men and the efforts of the African community to set themselves free from the power of colonial authority. The God’s Bit of Woods of Ousmane brings to light the scenario in which these adversities advance the workers with their families till the strike is eventually resolute. Debatably the most momentous conversion that takes place is in the function of women inside these societies. There are problems in all the families of the world. These problems cannot be controlled by an individual. These problems may be related to the issues of health, death, job instability. The place of living or the some closer person can contribute to these problems. In the novel Brother, I’m Dying, which is written by the author Edwidge Danticat all these issues are highlighted. Throughout the novel, the factual time story of Edwidge Danticat is narrated and provides an insight at the efforts done by her family. In this the author has successfully his own experiences of life. The sufferings of her family and their efforts to overcome the issues of being. Beside these issues the family also suffered from the multiple deaths in their home, the major illness of the guardian and uncle. In this story Edwidge is shown struggling in the absence of her parents

Grusendorf v Oklahoma City, 816 F. 2d 539 (U.S. Court of Appeals for Essay

Grusendorf v Oklahoma City, 816 F. 2d 539 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 1987) - Essay Example The Supreme Court observed that only personal rights that can be deemed important in the concept of ordered liberty are included in this guarantee of personal liberty( Ducat, 2009).The Court outlined the current reach of these freedoms as embracing personal decisions relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing and education. The defendant argues out that the law used to judge him was not applicable and did not match with his case (The federal reporter, 1987). To resolve the issue of whether or not Grusendorf’s rights of liberty or privacy were violated by the non-smoking regulation, it is instructive to study the Supreme Courts approach in Kelley v. Johnson. The case is similar as this one though the plaintiff there was a police officer rather than a firefighter and claimed a fourteenth amendment right to grow a beard rather than a right to smoke a cigarette (Bureau of National Affairs , 1995). A review of the record suggests that the district court found the defendants disputes influential. The defendants moved for an award of attorneys fees and submitted briefs in support of it, together with affidavits from their attorneys detailing their fees. Bowers v. Hardwick said that the federal courts should not take an expansive view of their authority to discover new fundamental

Social media for business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social media for business communication - Essay Example This year the amount generated on the single day is $816 million becoming the heaviest online sales volume received in a single day (Diers, 2012, p. 23). The overall U.S. retail e-commerce spending for the month has increased by 15 percent. There is greater access to online shopping on Cyber Monday. This is a marketing term developed in 2005 by online retailers that define the increase of online shopping activities on Monday. Approximately 50 million Americans visited online retail sites on a black Friday representing a 35 percent increase from the previous year. The number of customers accessing the top five retail sites namely: Amazon, Walmart, BestBuy, Target, and Apple increased by double digits. This result shows that multichannel retailers recorded strong growth in visitors’ access. The increased use of online retailing has greater marketing implications to marketing principles. The need for change in the marketing strategy to absorb the increasing online visitors is ess ential for any firm because it leads to greater sales volume. The success for any company lately is based on the focus on the customer and commitment to market change. Globalization affects marketing in a drastic way by affecting marketing. Use of World Wide Web in marketing and online shopping is the next revolution. The data obtained for visitors to the online sites depict the success attainable by venturing in it. Consequently, the need for strategizing and formulating of online strategy in ensuring increase in sales volume is essential. Product innovation is powered by the consumers. Therefore, marketing of the products must ensure correct feedback is obtained from consumers to facilitate understanding of new product development. Driven by the need of simplicity, consumers need must be catered for. For instance, online shopping is a product

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing Essay

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing - Essay Example tics of services, to wit: (1) intangible, (2) inseparability in terms of delivery and consumption, (3) heterogeneous in kind, and (4) perishable as it cannot be saved, stored, or returned. Having delineated services, goods naturally are services’ antithesis, meaning, they are tangible, are distinctly separate in kind, and can be stored, saved, and returned as needed. The intangibility of services simply describes their quality of not being able to touch and thus cannot be evaluated in terms of its physical availability prior to purchase. Services are inseparable that the organization offering it needs the assistance of a customer representative as contact to provide explanation and detailed information on the offered service. Likewise, the characteristic of inseparability takes into account its inability to cater to the specific needs of the customer. Services are also considered heterogeneous in kind since they are highly variable with dissimilar parts or elements. Finally, the perishability characteristic of services implies that they can not be stored, saved, or returned. The fast pace of technological developments in the last century drastically influenced diverse facets of customer service. With the predominance of business organizations using the internet, more organizations have resorted to a mobile workforce where customers’ needs are being serviced by electronic means. As technological improvements continue, more service features are offered through the internet, through virtual teams, teleconferencing, and the like. The benefits of technology are: unlimited time to access service providers regardless of location of the customers, queuing time is eliminated, more secure in terms of doing business at the convenience of one’s home. On the other hand, technology has totally eradicated the concept of direct reciprocity in soliciting immediate response to inquiries and transactions. Also the element of differences in time across the globe could delay

Structural characteristics of a marketing orientated business

Structural characteristics of a marketing orientated business There are many definitions of marketing. The better definitions are focused upon customer orientation and satisfaction of customer needs. Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM). The CIM definition (in common with Barwells definition of the marketing concept) looks not only at identifying customer needs, but also satisfying them (short-term) and anticipating them in the future (long-term retention). The right product, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price Adcock. This is a snappy and realistic definition that uses McCarthys Four Ps. Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organization so that they meet the changing needs of the customer on whom the organization depends Palmer. This is a more recent and very realistic definition that looks at matching capabilities with needs. Marketing is the process whereby society, to supply its consumption needs, evolves distributive systems composed of participants, who, interacting under constraints technical (economic) and ethical (social) create the transactions or flows which resolve market separations and result in exchange and consumption. Bartles. Question 1. Enlighten the company on the marketing concept and process, to include a) characteristics of marketing oriented company including structure and culture, b) explain the various elements of the marketing concept, c) access the benefits and costs of a marketing approach. Answer: Structural characteristics of a marketing-orientated business A business that has a marketing orientation sees the needs of customers and consumers as vital. As it develops and markets products to meet those demands, certain structural characteristics become apparent in the business. Structure: Every organization made up of more than one person will need some form of organizational structure. An organizational chart shows the way in which the chain of command works within the organization. The way in which a company is organised can be illustrated for a packaging company. The company will be owned by shareholders that choose directors to look after their interests. The directors then appoint managers to run the business on a day-to-day basis There are different kinds of organizational structure. The most common organizational structure are: -tall -flat Culture: The culture within the organization is known as corporate culture. A market oriented company like Paper Chase Ltd, will have to develop an attitude and way of doing things such that the whole organization embraces the concept that the customers are the key to the companys success and their wants and needs should be satisfied at all times. A corporate culture towards customer orientation and satisfaction should involve providing prompt valuable service. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition. Today most firms have adopted the marketing concept, but this has not always been the case. The marketing concept has 3 key elements. A customer orientation The customer is always right when they believe they are right.   They may be dead wrong.     But if by their understanding of the situation they believe they are right, then you need to acknowledge their belief.   Only after you have honored that belief and acknowledged that it can you begin to present a different way of looking at the situation.   That takes time and effort.   Seldom is it worth skipping that process An integrated company effort The all structure of the organization must work together to fulfil customers needs and wants. If any section of the organization fails to meet the requirements of the customer, it will result in lost opportunities or dissatisfied customers. A profit-goal rather than just a sales-goal Every company want more profit. This is the one another concept. On the othe hand customers want good product in best price. That means both wants to be satisfied. This satisfaction may well be the result of negotiation where the customer has accepted on alternative product or organization has had to accept lower profit. But they (Both) must be satisfied with the exchange. Otherwise, it will not be marketing. Benefits of Strategic Interactive Marketing * More affluent customers: Those customers that acquire the various interactive technologies are more affluent and value their time more highly. They will pay for responsive service and for having their particular needs met. * Accurately targeting promotions: Personalized and animated illustrations could be electronically delivered regularly or on special occasions (e.g. birthdays, anniversaries, car renewal). * Higher sales conversions through raising customer confidence, and inducing buy-in: Complex offering, whereby a number of different product benefits are inter-linked, could more easily be comprehended through graphics and animation. Using interactive software, including simulation techniques, the customer is able to involve themselves in the development and exploration of various options and see real life illustrations. * Product Awareness: Customer (or sales representative) can have access comprehensive product information to address a wide range of needs (one-stop shopping). Lower Costs * Distribution and sales costs are much lower (see the Booz-Allen Hamilton example banking transaction costs). There are no sales persons to employ, no expensive premises, and customers even perform the data entry! * Servicing costs: Besides the obvious e-mail type links to customer services, customers could directly view or enquire on their product portfolio. * Promotional costs: Electronic delivery is substantially lower, especially when media rich formats are involved. When products or services change, there are no wasted brochures etc * Product retention: Customer (or sales representative) can have access comprehensive product information. In the case of investment products it is imperative that correct advice is given in order to comply with the Financial Services Act. Market Exploitation * Market responsiveness: In response to competitor actions or legislation, etc., changes can be quickly made to products and services and then distributed to customers and suppliers. * Cross-selling: By linking into other companys delivery medium, one companys products can be cross-sold to another, and the linking reciprocated. * Differentiation: A go-ahead insurer has the ability to present a lively and innovative image and to break away from the traditionally stuffy image of the insurance industry. Promotion * Promotion needs to direct customers to different access points according to their capability and inclination to design their own product or service. See Design. Design * Products and services need to be design and made available at a component level under construction together with business rules under construction that define the possible combinations and limits. * Quite often there will be a base (or core) component to which further components are added. * Starter products and services of pre-built components will be available to help customers into the design process. * Product information needs to be available at the component level as well as for any base product. Pricing * Products and services need pricing at a component level and to take into account the distribution method (customer self service, agent or sales person, face to face, via the telephone or the Internet, etc.). Production * Production systems need to assemble the components according to the unique customer design. * A detailed record of the product or service will need to be kept so that it can later be serviced or amend (see Servicing). Servicing * Profiles of individual customer products as well as profiles of the individual customers need to be available to support staff and the customer throughout the life of the product or service. Question 2. Explore the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning with reference to Paper Chase Ltd a) Identify and explain the macro and micro environment influencing Paper Chase, b) propose segmentation criteria for any 2 products from the brain storming sessions c) which markets Paper Chase should target and factors influencing their choice d) How buyer behaviour affects the marketing of Paper Chase products. Answer: Marketing environment The term marketing environment relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affects a firms marketing decision-making or planning and is subject of the marketing research. A firms marketing environment consists of two main areas, which are: Macro environment On the macro environment a firm holds only little control. It consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These are typically economic, social, political or technological phenomena. A common method of assessing a firms macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Ecological) analysis. Within a PESTLE analysis, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key macroeconomic conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.), social trends/attitudes, and the nature of technologys impact on its society and the business processes within the society. Micro environment A firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control of the micro environment. It comprises factors pertinent to the firm itself, or stakeholders closely connected with the firm or company. A firms micro environment typically spans: * Customers/consumers * Employees * Suppliers * The Media By contrast to the macro environment, an organization holds a greater degree of control over these factors. Market segmentation Market segmentation pertains to the division of a market of consumers into persons with similar needs and wants. As an example, if using Kelloggs cereals in this instance, Frosties are marketed to children. Crunchy Nut Cornflakes are marketed to adults. Both goods aforementioned denote two products which are marketed to two distinct groups of persons, both with like needs, traits, and wants. The purpose for market segmentation is conducted for two main issues. First, a segmentation allows a better allocation of a firms finite resources. A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Accordingly, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Furthermore the diversified tastes of the contemporary Western consumers can be served better. Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the STP acronym, meaning Segment, Target and Position. Segment Segmentation involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Four commonly used criteria are used for segmentation, which include: * Geographical (e.g. country, region, city, town, etc.) * Psychographic (i.e. personality traits or character traits which influence consumer behavior) * Demographic (e.g. age, gender, socio-economic class, etc.) * Behavioural (e.g. brand loyalty, usage rate, etc.) The two products, from the brain storming session, selected for criteria Paper Chase Ltd are: Tea Tea Cup Tea and Tea Cup has three different Segment Tea Cup Large Medium Small Tea Milk Tea Green Tea Red Tea Target Once a segment has been identified, a firm must ascertain whether the segment is beneficial for them to service. The DAMP acronym, meaning Discernible, Accessible, Measurable and Profitable, are used as criteria to gauge the viability of a target market. DAMP is explained in further detail below: * Discernable How a segment can be differentiated from other segments. * Accessible How a segment can be accessed via Marketing Communications produced by a firm. * Measurable Can the segment be quantified and its size determined? * Profitable Can a sufficient return on investment be attained from a segments servicing? The next step in the targeting process is the level of differentiation involved in a segment serving. Three modes of differentiation exist, which are commonly applied by firms. These are: * Undifferentiated Where a company produces a like product for all of a market segment. * Differentiated In which a firm produced slight modifications of a product within a segment. * Niche In which an organization forges a product to satisfy a specialized target market. Position Positioning concern how to positions a product in the mind of consumers. A firm often performs this by producing a perceptual map, which denotes products produced in its industry according to how consumers perceive their price and quality. From a products placing on the map, a firm would tailor its marketing communications to suit meld with the products perception among consumers. Buying behaviour A marketing firm, in the course of its operations, must ascertain the nature of buying behaviour, if it is to market properly its product. In order to entice and persuade a consumer to buy a product, the psychological/behavioural process of how a given product is purchased. Buying behaviour consists of two prime strands, namely being consumer (B2C) behaviour and organizational/industrial behavior (B2B). B2C buying behaviour This mode of behaviour concerns consumers, in the purchase of a given product. The B2C buying process is as thus: * Need/want recognition * Information search * Search for alternatives (to satisfy need/want) * Purchase decision * Post-purchase evaluation As an example, if one pictures a pair of sneakers, the desire for a pair of sneakers would be followed by an information search on available types/brands. This may include perusing media outlets, but most commonly consists of information gathered from family and friends. If the information search is insufficient, the consumer may search for alternative means to satisfy the need/want. In this case, this may be buying leather shoes, sandals, etc. The purchase decision is then made, in which the consumer actually buys the product. Question 3. Identify and analyse the individual elements of Paper Chase marketing, to include product, price, promotion, place, people, process and physical evidence. Answer: Marketing mix In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a Marketing Mix. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, at the Michigan State University in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements product, price, place and promotion. Product The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. A number of modes of pricing techniques exist, which span: * Elasticities (whether Price Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand, or Income Elasticity of Demand) * Market skimming pricing * Market penetration pricing Elasticitys are a microeconomic concept, which gauges how elastic demand is for a given good/service. In a marketing context, its usefulness relates to the suitable level at which a product can be priced, in accordance with price, a products complements and substitutes, and the level of income a consumer possesses. Market skimming pertains to firm releasing a good in a first to market scenario. As an example, picture a company which releases a new type of personal media playing system. It may set the good at an initially high level, but reduce it over time, once the level of demand gradually rises. Market skimming is best operable within a first to market scenario, since there would be few competitors within the companys industry. Market penetration concerns pricing policies for late entrants to a market. Placement (or distribution) This refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. Promotion This includes advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix, [5] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. In order to recognize the different aspects of selling services, as opposed to Products, a further three Ps were added to make a range of Seven Ps for service industries: * Process the way, in which orders are handled, customers are satisfied and the service is delivered. * Physical Evidence is tangible evidence of the service customers will receive (for example a holiday brochure). * People the people meeting and dealing with the customers. As markets have become more satisfied, the 7 Ps have become relevant to those companies selling products, as well as those solely involved with services: customers now differentiate between sellers of goods by the service they receive in the process from the people involved Question 4. Select any 2 products from the brain storming session and elaborate on the application of different marketing mix (to include extended marketing mix elements) to different markets segments and context. Briefly discuss the areas that need consideration, should Paper Chase consider foreign expansion in the future. Answer: Marketing mix for Coffee: Product: Paper Chase Ltd have different kind of Coffee for customers Price: Price are very reasonable for Coffee. So that people can purchase easily Promotion: This company give different kind of advertisement. Place: Paper Chase always find new and comfortable places for the customer. Marketing mix for Clock Product: This company has different type of clock for the customers. Price: Price of the clock always are in customer budget. So that customer can purchase easily. Place: Paper Chase should seek a comfortable place. The atmosphere should be nice. Promotion:Paper Chase provides different kind of promotion. Like advertising, discount, coupon etc. Mr. Smith will think what types of product need for customer. Then those products are supply for the customer. They need widely marketing and more communicate with the customer. Then customer will be attractive for product line or company. Paper chase provide special supply some product. As for example Pens with company logos because whose company ordered the product their company logo will be printed pens body.

Charter Schools in Arkansas :: Teaching Education

Charter Schools in Arkansas Charter Schools Introduction charter schools have become a common site in many states today. Currently, there are over 24 states with charter schools established and many other states have passed legislation for the creation of charter schools. Arkansas passed legislation in 1996 that would allow for the creation of charter schools in the state. Governor Mike Huckabee made it a priority in his educational agenda in 1997 to allow a pilot program of 15 schools to be implemented statewide (Cohen, 1998). Even though Governor Huckabee and legislation is supporting this idea, there have been no successful applications so far. Charter applicants seek approval of the state department of education for the charter school but have meet with resistance so far. Fourche Valley School District in Yell County was the first to apply for charter school status in 1996, but was quickly turned down. The school has yet to reapply for the status. No other school districts in the state have attempted to file as of yet. Statement of the Problem. What is a charter school and what are the financial implications of creating a charter school? Review of Literature Charter schools are public schools but with a twist. They are created and operated by the educators, parents, community leaders, and others. The school must be sponsored by a designated local or state educational organization that monitors the school's progress, but that is as far as it goes. The school is free from the traditional bureaucratic red tape and policy makers from the state level. The school is basically governed at the local level. Some people view them as a local business meeting the demands of the community. The product they produce are educated children. If the quality of service is not being meet, the school answers to the community. This concept has high levels of accountability being placed on the school. As successful businesses know, if you produce a high quality product, the business will grow and succeed, if you produce anything less, you go out of business. Opening a charter school also brings with it the ability to choose the school where you want your children to go. The center for education reform has taken a strong view on the subject of choice with charter schools. They believe that if the students choose to attend a certain school and the teachers choose to teach at a certain school, then the chances of success are more likely because both have chosen to be there (Center for education reform, 1999).

Location Decisions Essay

Deciding on the best location for a new business or relocating an existing one is often crucial to its success. Location decisions choosing new sites for expansion or relocation of the business are some of the most important decisions made by management teams. Selecting the best site will have a significant effect on many departments of the business and, ultimately, on the profitability and chances of success of the whole firm. Location decisions have three key characteristics: They are strategic in nature as they are long term and have an impact on the whole business. †¢They are difficult to reverse if an error of judgment is made due to the costs of relocation. †¢They are taken at the highest management levels and are not delegated to subordinates. An ‘optimal’ location decision is one that selects the best site for expansion of the business or for its relocation, given current information. This best site should maximize the long-term profits of the business. The optimal site is nearly always a compromise between conflicting benefits and drawbacks. For example: †¢A well-positioned high-street shop will have the potential for high sales but will have higher rental charges than a similar sized shop out of town. †¢A factory location which is cheap to purchase due to its distance from major towns might have problems recruiting staff due to lack of a large and trained working population. So an optimal location is likely to be a compromise one that balances: †¢high fixed costs of the site and buildings with convenience for customers and potential sales revenue †¢the low costs of a remote site with limited supply of suitably qualified labor †¢quantitative factors with qualitative ones Factors influencing location decisions †¢Site and other capital costs such as building or shop-fitting costs These vary greatly from region to region within a country and between countries. The best office and retail sites may be so expensive that the cost of them is beyond the resources of all but the largest companies. The cost of building on a Greenfield site one that has never previously been developed must be compared with the costs of adapting existing buildings on a developed site. †¢Labor costs The relative importance of these as a locational factor depends on whether the business is capital or labor intensive. An insurance company call center will need many staff, but the labor costs of a nuclear power station will be a very small proportion of its total costs. The attraction of much lower wage rates overseas has encouraged many European businesses to set up operations in other countries – for example, bank and Insurance Company call centers. †¢Transport costs Businesses that use heavy and bulky raw materials such as steel making will incur high transport costs if suppliers are at a great distance from the steel plant. Goods that increase in bulk during production will, traditionally, reduce transport costs by locating close to the market.

Information system development life cycle models Essay

Health information managers must understand the components of information systems and how information systems affect the organization, individuals within the organization, and interested publics outside the organization. Information systems provide opportunities to improve internal operations, create competitive advantage in the marketplace, improve patient-care delivery, enhance research, and provide better service. Information system risk occurs when the systems are not well integrated, are poorly managed, or do not support the goals of the organization. In order to exploit information system opportunities and minimize threats and risks, a thorough understanding of information system components and how these relate to the organization is necessary. An information system is composed of a group of components (people, work processes, data, and information technologies) that interact through defined relationships to accomplish a goal. Information systems must be able to adapt to environmental change. A good example of a health-related information system is an order entry system. The goal of the system is to process physician orders. The system is composed of a group of components including people (nurses, physicians, unit secretaries, laboratory personnel), data, work processes, and information technologies. Each of these components interacts through defined relationships. fails to accommodate the environment or if the interactions among its component parts fail, the system becomes nonfunctional and disintegrates. Thus, a system must be composed of a group of components that: ï‚ · Interact through defined relationships ï‚ · Work toward accomplishing a goal ï‚ · Self-adapt and respond to environmental changes Figure 2-1 provides an example of the relationship of these characteristics. An information system is composed of a group of components (people, work processes, data, and information technologies) that interact through defined relationships to accomplish a goal. Information systems must be able to adapt to environmental change. A good example of a health-related information system is an order entry system. The goal of the system is to  process physician orders. The system is composed of a group of components including people (nurses, physicians, unit secretaries, laboratory personnel), data, work processes, and information technologies. Each of these components interacts through defined relationships The peoples enter orders in a predefined way through a data entry terminal (hardware) and through interaction with software. Through the predefined interactions between the hardware and software, the order is processed. The order entry system is self-adapting and able to accommodate environmental changes such as order volume. The example depicted in Figure 2-2 demonstrates the characteristics of a system as applied to an information system: component parts working in predefined relationships that can self-adapt to environmental changes to accomplish a common goal. As the bidirectional arrows depict in Figure 2-2, at any given time there is a potential three-way interaction between all system components. People interact or are affected by work practices, data, and information technologies. Work practices affect people and may be impacted by data availability and information technologies. Information technologies may affect work practices, people, and the input, processing, or dissemination of data. Thus, we see that information components are highly interrelated. Recognizing these interrelationships is very important, since a problem with one component will likely adversely impact all other components within an information system. When information system problems arise, it is crucial that all information system components and their relationships be examined System Elements Systems have three principal elements: inputs, processing mechanisms, and outputs. Figure 2-3 depicts their simple relationship. In the order entry example given previously, inputs include physician orders such as laboratory, radiology, or pharmacy orders that are entered in a computer terminal on the patient-care unit. The orders are subjected to several processing mechanisms that check their consistency and completeness before they are routed to the appropriate department. The output of the system is a requisition for a specific type of test, procedure, or pharmaceutical. In addition to inputs, processes, and outputs, most systems also have a  feedback loop. Feedback provided by the system influences future inputs. In the order entry example, feedback regarding nonavailability of an ordered drug in the pharmacy department inventory might be provided to the physician. In this case, the system might suggest what alternatives or substitutes are available Information System Components All definitions of an information system must embody the essence of the four system characteristics that were previously presented. Thus, an information system is a group of interrelated and self-adapting components working through defined relationships to collect, process, and disseminate data and information for accomplishment of specific organizational goals. The components of an information system should be broadly interpreted. For example, information system components should be viewed to include people, work procedures, data, and information technologies (Alter, 1992). Although organizational goals may not be specifically included in the components of an information system, they must be viewed as the driving force for the development, design, implementation, and evaluation of information systems. Each information system must be evaluated in terms of its contribution to meeting the goals of the organization Information System Types In Chapter 2, six types of information systems are discussed: transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), decision support systems (DSS), executive information systems (EIS), expert systems (ES), and office automation systems (OAS). Early systems in health care were principally transaction processing systems. These systems automated operational functions such as accounting, payroll, inventory, and admission/discharge systems. Later, other transaction systems, such as order entry, were added to the capabilities. Management information systems emerged in the late 1970s and gradually became more sophisticated during the 1980s. One factor influencing the growth of MIS during this period was the introduction of the national prospective payment (diagnostic-related groups or DRGs) system for Medicare patients. Because of DRG implementation, hospitals needed information systems that provided better filtered and formatted data for making managerial and strategic decisions. The  implementation of DRGs also revealed the weaknesses of current information systems in linking and integrating data. Weaknesses associated with the proliferation of stand-alone systems and the historical emphasis on financial systems became magnified during the 1980s coiera When the same kind of decision is made on a regular basis, it will require access to the same kind of data and may use the same knowledge. In these circumstances, one can develop a regular process or information system to accomplish the task. An information system could thus be anything from the routine way in which a clinician records patient details in a pocket notebook, the way a triage nurse assesses patients on arrival in an emergency department, through to a complex computer-based system that regulates payments for healthcare services. An information system is distinguished from other systems by its components, which include data and models. Recall from the last chapter that there are several different kinds of information model, including databases and knowledge bases. These different information components can be put together to create an information system. For example, consider a calculator that can store data and equations in its memory. The data store is the calculator’s database, and the equation store is its knowledge base. The input to the calculator becomes the equation to be solved, as well as the values of data to plug into the equation. The database communicates with the knowledge base using a simple communication channel within the device, and the output of the system is the value for the solved equation (Figure 3.6). There are many potential internal components that could be included within an information system, including a database, a knowledge base, an ontology, and decision procedures or rules of inference. The different components of an information system are connected together with input/output channels, which allow data to be shifted between the components as needed. A patient record system is a more complex example of an information system. Its purpose is to record data about particular patients in some formalized fashion to assist in the control Wager2009  An information system (IS) is an arrangement of information (data), processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the organization (Whitten & Bentley, 2005). Note that information technology is a component of every information system. Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with data and telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks). Often in current management literature the terms information system and information technology are used interchangeably. 6.1.1 What Is a System?shortliffe Until now, we have referred informally to health information systems and computer systems. What do we mean when we refer to a system? In the most general sense, a system is an organized set of procedures for accomplishing a task. It is described in terms of (1) the problem to be solved; (2) the data and knowledge required to address the problem; and (3) the internal process for transforming the available input into the desired output (Figure 6.1). When we talk about systems in this book, we usually mean computer-based (or just computer) systems. A computer system combines both manual and automated processes; people and machines work in concert to manage and use information. A computer system has these components: ââ€"  Hardware: The physical equipment, including processing units (e.g., the central processing unit (CPU)), data-storage devices, comunication equipment, terminals, and printers ââ€"  Software: The computer programs that direct the hardware to carry out the automated processes—i.e., to respond to user requests and schedules, to process input data, to store some data for long periods, and to communicate informative results to the users; at times the software will prompt the users to perform manual processes System Design and Engineering in Health Care 235 ââ€"  Customers: The users who interact with the software and hardware of the system, issue requests, and use the results or forward them to others; there will be other users who are concerned with providing input, system operations, backup, and maintenance The role of a computer is, broadly speaking, the conversion of data into information. Every piece of data must be supplied by a person, by another computer system, or by data collection  equipment, as seen in patient monitoring (see Chapter 17). Information that is output is delivered to health care professionals or becomes input to another computer system. In other words, a medical computer system is a module within the overall health care delivery system. The overall health care system not only determines the need for the computer system (e.g., which data must be processed and which reports must be generated) but also the requirements for the system’s operation (e.g., the degree of reliability and responsiveness to requests for information). Acquisition and operation of a computer system has implications for the organization of an institution. Who controls the information? Who is responsible for the accuracy of the data? How will the system be financed? The installation of a computer system has sociological consequences as well. The introduction of a new system alters the work routines of health care workers. Furthermore, it may affect the traditional roles of health care workers and the existing relationships among groups of individuals—e.g., between physicians and nurses, between nurses and patients, and between physicians and patients. Important ethical and legal questions that arise include the confidentiality of patient information, the appropriate role of computers in patient care (especially in medical decision making), and the responsibility of developers and users for ensuring the correct operation of the system (see Chapter 10). Although the technical challenges in system development must be met, organizational factors are crucial determinants of the success of a computer system within the institution. These factors can differ greatly among institutions and can make the transfer of a well-functioning system to another site difficult. 6.1.2 Functions of a Computer System Computers have been used in every aspect of health care delivery, from the simple processing of business data, to the collection and interpretation of physiological data, to the education of physicians and nurses. Each chapter in Unit II of this book describes an important area for the application of computers in biomedicine. The unique characteristics of each problem area create special requirements for system builders to address. The motivation  for investing in these applications, however, is the computer’s ability to help health professionals in some aspect of information management. We identify eight topics that define the range of basic functions that may be provided by medical computer systems: 1. Data acquisition and presentation 2. Record keeping and access 3. Communication and integration of information 4. Surveillance 5. Information storage and retrieval 6. Data analysis 7. Decision support 8. Education .